Guideline for Senior Exit Paper
Websites to MLA Formatting and Citation Guides:
Here are some helpful websites that show you how to correctly cite using MLA guidelines. You can bookmark these on your home computer:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html
(From Purdue University’s website)
http://ollie.dcccd.edu/library/module4/M4-V/examples.htm
(From Dallas County Community College District website)
Citation Generators:
Below are links to tools that create citations for you. You input the information about your source and the citation generator provides the citation:
EasyBib – Automatic bibliography and citation maker:
http://www.easybib.com/cite/form/book
OPEN (Oregon Public Education Network Clearinghouse) - MLA Secondary Citation Maker: http://www.openc.k12.or.us/citeintro/citeintro.php?Grd=Sec
BibMe - The fully automatic bibliography maker that auto-fills or you can manually type in the citation info (Green River.org):
http://www.bibme.org
KnightCite - MLA citation generator (Hekman Library, Calvin College): http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite
IN-TEXT QUOTATION EXAMPLES
(These go in the body of your paper/report)
MLA Quotations: Internal Quotes and Quote Blending
Listing the references in the bibliography is not sufficient documentation. “You must indicate to your readers not only what works you drew from but also exactly what you used from each source and exactly where in the work you found the material. The most practical way to supply this information is to insert a brief parenthetical acknowledgment in your paper wherever you incorporate another person’s words, facts, or ideas” (Gibaldi 230-31).
This information indicates that the quotation was found on pages 230-31 of the book by Gibaldi.
Parenthetical references need not include any information that you may have included in the text itself:
Gibaldi makes this point very clear (231).
Others, like Jakobson and Waugh (210-15), hold the opposite point of view.
Others hold the opposite point of view (e.g., Jakobson and Waugh 210-15).
Gibaldi maintains that “to avoid interrupting the flow of your writing, place the parenthetical reference where a pause would naturally occur (preferably at the end of a sentence), as near as possible to the material documented” (233).
The page number from which you quoted material should immediately follow the final quotation mark.
MORE EXAMPLES OF HOW TO QUOTE YOUR SOURCES
Prose
For Charles Dickens the eighteenth century was both “the best of times” and “the worst of times” (35).
Joseph Conrad writes of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “He was obeyed, yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect” (44).
If a quotation runs to more than four typed lines, set it off from your text beginning a new line, indenting ten spaces from the left margin, and typing it double-spaced, without adding quotation marks. A colon generally introduces a quotation displayed this way.
At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their
actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other boys began to shake and sob too. And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence…(186).
Ellipsis
If omitting material from the original leaves a quotation that appears to be a sentence, or a series of sentences, you must use ellipsis points, or spaced periods, to indicate that your quotation does not completely produce the original.
In seeking causes for plagues in the Middle Ages, as Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thinking…stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers” (124).
Quoted with an ellipsis at the end
In seeking causes for plagues in the Middle Ages, as Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the communicator of disease…” (124).
Alteration of sources
Add an explanation in parentheses immediately after the closing quotation mark.
Lincoln specifically advocated a government “for the people” (emphasis added).
If a pronoun seems unclear in a quotation, you may add an identification in square brackets.
Why, she would hang on him [Hamlet’s father]
As if increase of appetite had grown
By what it fed on…
Punctuation and quotations
Shelley argued thus: “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world” (794).
OR
“Poets,” according to Shelley, “are the unacknowledged legislators of the world” (794).
“You’ve got to be carefully taught,” wrote Oscar Hammerstein II of racial prejudice.
If a quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, however, the original punctuation is retained and no comma is required.
“How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form?” wonders the doctor in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (242).
“What a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” Dorothea Booke responds to her sister (7).
“Read ‘Kubla Khan,’” he told me.
Original
I believe taxation without representation is tyranny!
Quoted
He attacked “taxation without representation” (32).
Did he attack “taxation with out representation”?
He did not even attack “taxation without representation”!
He declared that “taxation without representation is tyranny!”
Website
When quoting from a Web page, use the author’s last name (same format as print citation) or, if no author, title. Include page number, if given. Please be aware that if you use electronic sources, you must work with whatever information is provided at the online site. When possible, use this format: (Author page#) or (Title page#). If no page numbers are provided, use paragraph, section, or screen numbers instead and include the standard abbreviation, if there is one: (Author, sec. #) or (Title, screen #). Remember to include a comma when using abbreviations in parenthetical citations.
To identify the source of a quotation, paraphrase, or summary, place the author's last name in parentheses after the cited material (Johnson and Decourt).
Web pages number in the billions! (SearchNet).
Author's name in text Dover has expressed this concern (118-21).
Author's name in reference This concern has been expressed (Dover 118-21).
Multiple authors of a work This hypothesis (Bradley and Rogers 7) suggested this theory
(Sumner, Reichl, and Waugh 23).
Two locations Williams alludes to this premise (136-39, 145).
Two works cited (Burns 54, Thomas 327)
Multivolume works:
References to volumes and pages (Wilson 2:1-18)
References to an entire volume (Henderson, vol. 3)
In text reference to an entire volume In volume 3, Henderson suggests
Corporate authors (United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa 51-63)
as stated by the presidential commission (Report 4).
Web:
Online source with numbered
paragraphs (Fox, pars. 4-5)
SUMMARY OF IN-TEXT QUOTATIONS
Book:
Information and Examples Taken From:
“Citation Management: MLA Citation Style.” Cornell University Library.
Cornell University, 2009. Web. 24 March 2009.
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 3rd ed. New
York: Modern Language Association, 1988. 56-59. Print.
“More Parenthetical Citation, Web Sources: MLA Citation.” The Writing Center
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. University of North
Carolina Chapel Hill. 2005. Web. 1 Jun. 2006.
WORKS CITED EXAMPLES – BIBLIOGRAPHY
(These go at the end of your paper/report)
Book by a single author:
Cressy, David. Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life Cycle in
Tudor and Stuart England. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Print.
Another book by same author:
---, ed. Life, Love and Literacy in Stuart England. New York: Oxford UP, 1985.
Print.
A book by two or more authors:
Jakobson, Roman, and Linda R. Waugh. The Sound Shape of Language.
Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1979. Print.
Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter.
Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Print.
OR:
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
Print.
A book by a corporate author:
American Council of Learned Societies. Teaching the Humanities. New York:
ACLS, 1994. Print.
A work in an anthology:
Allende, Isabel. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock
Beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas
Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88. Print.
An article in a standard reference book:
“Ginsburg, Ruth Bader.” Who’s Who in America. 51st ed. 1997. Print.
An anonymous book:
Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. Print.
An edition of a well-known book:
Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil
War. 1895. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1975.
Print.
A translation:
Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed.
George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964. Print.
A book published in a second or subsequent edition:
Cavafy, C.P. Collected Poems. Trans. Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard. Ed.
George Savidis. Rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992. Print.
(Use 2nd ed., 3rd ed., 4th ed. with later editions.)
A multi-volume work:
Weinberg, Bernard. A History of Literary Criticism in the Italian Renaissance.
2 vols. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1961. Print.
An article from a scholarly journal:
Yeh, Michelle. “The ‘Cult of Poetry’ in Contemporary China.” Journal of Asian
Studies 55 (1996): 51-80. Print.
An article in a newspaper:
Rosenberg, Jeanne. “Electronic Discovery Proves an Effective Legal Weapon.”
New York Times 31 Mar. 1997, late ed. D5. Print.
An article in a magazine:
Kaminer, Wendy. “The Last Taboo.” New Republic 14 Oct. 1996: 24+. Print.
An anonymous article:
“The Decade of the Spy.” Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27. Print.
An editorial:
“Death of a Writer.” Editorial. New York Times 20 Apr. 1994, late ed.: A18.
Print.
A television or radio program:
“Yes…but is it Art?” Narr. Morley Safer. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New
York. 19 Sept. 1993. Television.
A film or video recording:
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel
Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946. Film.
An interview:
Pei, I. M. Personal interview. 22 July 1993.
Poussaint, Alvin F. Telephone interview. 10 Dec. 1990.
An online reference:
Victorian Women Writers Project. Ed. Perry Willett. Apr. 1997. Indiana U.
26 Apr. 1997. Web.
A publication on CD-ROM, diskette, video:
Braunmulier, A. R., ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. New York:
Voyager, 1994. CD-ROM.
An e-mail communication:
Boyle, Anthony T. “Re: Utopia.” E-mail to Daniel J. Cahill. 21 June 1997.
E-mail.
Information and Examples Taken From:
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.
2nd ed. New York: Modern Language Association, 1998. 149-235.
Print.
Hacker, Diana. Documenting Sources – A Hacker Handbooks Supplement:
Guidelines Based on the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly
Publishing, Third Edition, 2008. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008.
Diana Hacker.com. Web. 26 Mar. 2009.
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